Behavior of a Portuguese Man O War Baby Portuguese Man O War

Marine invertebrate constitute in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans

This article is most the marine invertebrate found in the Atlantic. For other uses, see Man o' war.

Portuguese homo o' war
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Hydrozoa
Order:	Siphonophorae
Suborder:	Cystonectae
Family unit:	Physaliidae Brandt, 1835[2]
Genus:	Physalia Lamarck, 1801[1]
Species:	P. physalis
Binomial name
Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Family-level synonym[3] Physalidae Brandt, 1835 (original spelling) Genus-level synonyms[four] Arethusa Oken, 1815 Holothuria Linnaeus, 1758 Physalis Tilesius, 1810 Physsophora Modéer, 1789 Species-level synonyms[5] Arethusa caravell Oken, 1815 Holothuria velificans Osbeck, 1765 Medusa utriculus Gmelin, 1788 Physalia australis Péron, 1807 Physalia gigantea Bory de St Vincent, 1894 Physalia glauca Tilesius, 1810 Physalia megalista Lesueur & Petit Physalia pelagica Lamarck, 1801 Physalia pelasgica Bosc, 1802 Physalia utriculus Gmelin, 1788 Physalis afer Tilesius, 1810 Physalis arethusa Tilesius, 1810 Physalis cornuta Tilesius, 1810 Physalis elongata Lamarck, 1816 Physalis glauca Tilesius, 1810 Physalis lamartinieri Tilesius, 1810 Physalis megalista Lamarck, 1816 Physalis osbeckii Tilesius, 1810 Physalis pelagica Tilesius, 1810 Physalis pelagica Lamarck, 1816 Physalis tuberculosa Lamarck, 1816 Physsophora physalis Modéer, 1789

The Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis), also known as the human being-of-war,^[6] is a marine hydrozoan institute in the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is considered to exist the aforementioned species equally the Pacific man o' war, which is found mainly in the Pacific Bounding main. The Portuguese human o' war is one of 2 species in the genus Physalia (the other existence the bluebottle, or blueish canteen "jellyfish",^[vii] Physalia utriculus), which in turn is the only genus in the family Physaliidae.^[eight]

The Portuguese man o' state of war is a conspicuous member of the neuston, the community of organisms that live at the sea surface. It has numerous venomous microscopic nematocysts which deliver a painful sting powerful enough to kill fish, and has been known to occasionally kill humans. Although information technology superficially resembles a jellyfish, the Portuguese man o' war is in fact a siphonophore. Similar all siphonophores, information technology is a colonial organism, fabricated up of many smaller units called zooids.^[nine] All zooids in a colony are genetically identical, only fulfill specialized functions such as feeding and reproduction, and together allow the colony to operate equally a single individual.

Etymology [edit]

The name human being o' war comes from the homo-of-state of war, an 18th-century sailing warship,^[10] and the creature'south resemblance to the Portuguese version (the caravel) at full canvass.^{[11] [5] [six]}

Overview [edit]

The siphonophore Physalia physalis, ordinarily known as the Portuguese man o' war, is one of the almost conspicuous, merely poorly understood members of the neuston.^[nine] The neuston is the floating community of ocean organisms that live at the interface between water and air. This community is exposed to a unique prepare of environmental conditions including prolonged exposure to intense ultraviolet light, desiccation risk, and crude sea and wave conditions.^[12] Despite their tolerance for extreme environmental conditions and the very large size of this habitat, which makes up 71% of the Earth's surface and is almost iii times the area of all terrestrial habitats, very little is known near the organisms that brand up this highly specialized polyphyletic community.^{[13] [9]}

The Portuguese man o' war is aptly named after a warship: it uses office of an enlarged float filled with carbon monoxide and air as a canvass to travel by wind for thousands of miles, dragging backside long tentacles that evangelize a deadly venomous sting to fish.^{[14] [15]} This sailing ability, combined with a painful sting and a life cycle with seasonal blooms, results in periodic mass beach strandings and occasional human envenomations, making P. physalis the most infamous siphonophore.^{[13] [9]}

The development, morphology, and colony organization of P. physalis is very different from all other siphonophores.^[9] Siphonophores are a relatively understudied group of colonial hydrozoans. Colonies are composed of functionally specialized bodies (termed zooids) that are homologous to free living individuals. Virtually species are planktonic and are found at near depths from the deep sea to the surface of the ocean.^{[xvi] [17] [eighteen]} They are fragile and difficult to collect intact, and must be collected by submersible, remotely operated vehicle, by paw while bluish-water diving, or in regions with localized upwellings.^{[19] [xx]} Even so, Physalia physalis is the most attainable, conspicuous, and robust siphonophore, and equally such, much has been written about this species, including the chemic composition of its float, venom (particularly envenomations), occurrence, and distribution.^{[13] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]} Fewer studies, however, have taken a detailed look at P. physalis structure, including evolution, histology of major zooids, and broader descriptions of colony arrangement.^{[32] [33] [34] [35]} These studies provide an important foundation for understanding the morphology, cellular anatomy, and development of this neustonis species. Information technology can exist difficult to understand the morphology, growth, and development of P. physalis within the context of siphonophore diversity, as the colony consists of highly 3-dimensional branching structures and develops very unlike from all other siphonophores.^[9]

The bluebottle resembles a jellyfish merely is really a siphonophore, a colonial organism composed of small individual animals called zooids.^[36] At that place are 4 zooids depending on each other for survival and performing unlike functions, such every bit digestion (gastrozooids), reproduction (gonozooids) and hunting (dactylozooids). The final zooid, the pneumatophore, is a gas-filled float or sac that supports the other zooids and acts like a canvass so the bluebottle is constrained to the ocean surface, moving at the mercy of the wind, waves and marine currents. The bluebottle'south long tentacles hang below the float as they drift, fishing for prey to sting and drag up to their digestive zooids.^{[36] [37]}

The Indo-Pacific Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis) and the bluebottle (Physalia utriculus), are well known on the coasts of Nihon, Indonesia too as the eastward coast of Commonwealth of australia for stinging tens of thousands of beachgoers each twelvemonth.^[38] The species is establish throughout the globe'due south oceans, in tropical, subtropical and (occasionally) temperate regions.^{[nine] [37]}

Beefcake and physiology [edit]

• 

  Anatomy of a Physalia physalis colony^[9]
  with descriptions of the function of each zooid

Just similar all siphonophores, the Portuguese human o' war is colonial: each man o' war is composed of many smaller units (zooids) that hang in clusters from under a big, gas-filled structure called the pneumatophore.^[39] New zooids are added by budding as the colony grows. As many as seven different kinds of zooids have been described in the man o' war: three of the medusoid type (gonophores, nectophores, and vestigial nectophores) and four of the polypoid type (free gastrozooids, tentacle-begetting zooids, gonozooids and gonopalpons).^[forty] However, naming and categorization of zooids varies between authors, and much of the embryonic and evolutionary relationships of zooids remains unclear.^[9]

The pneumatophore, or bladder, is the virtually conspicuous part of the human o' war. It is translucent and tinged blue, purple, pinkish, or mauve, and may be 9 to 30 centimetres (iii+ 1⁄2 to 12 inches) long and rising as loftier as fifteen cm (6 in) to a higher place the water. The pneumatophore functions as both a flotation device and a sail for the colony, allowing the colony to move with the prevailing wind.^{[9] [39]} The gas in the pneumatophore is function carbon monoxide (0.5–thirteen%), which is actively produced by the animal, and part atmospheric gases (nitrogen, oxygen and noble gases) that diffuse in from the surrounding air.^[41] In the event of a surface attack, the pneumatophore can be deflated, allowing the colony to temporarily submerge.^[42]

The colony hunts and feeds through the cooperation of two types of zooid: gastrozooids and tentacle-bearing zooids known as dactylozooids^[9] or tentacular palpons. The dactylozooids are equipped with tentacles, which are typically well-nigh 10 m (30 ft) in length but can attain over 30 thou (100 ft).^{[43] [44]} Each tentacle bears tiny, coiled, thread-like structures chosen nematocysts. Nematocysts trigger and inject venom on contact, stinging, paralyzing, and killing adult or larval squids and fishes. Large groups of Portuguese human o' war, sometimes over one,000 individuals, may deplete fisheries.^{[40] [42]} Contraction of tentacles drags the prey upward, into range of the gastrozooids, the digestive zooids. The gastrozooids surround and digest the food by secreting enzymes. P. physalis has multiple stinging tentacles but P. utriculus has only a single stinging tentacle.

The main reproductive zooids, the gonophores, are situated on branching structures called gonodendra. Gonophores produce sperm or eggs (see life cycle). Besides gonophores, each gonodendron also contains several other types of specialized zooids: gonozooids (which are accompaniment gastrozooids), nectophores (which have been speculated to allow discrete gonodendra to swim), and vestigial nectophores (as well called jelly polyps; the function of these is unclear).^[9]

Colonial [edit]

The man o' war is described as a colonial organism because the individual zooids in a colony are evolutionarily derived from either polyps or medusae,^[45] i.e. the two basic trunk plans of cnidarians.^[46] Both of these body plans contain entire individuals in non-colonial cnidarians (for example, a jellyfish is a medusa; a sea anemone is a polyp). All zooids in a homo o' state of war develop from the aforementioned unmarried fertilized egg and are therefore genetically identical; they remain physiologically connected throughout life, and substantially part every bit organs in a shared body. Hence, a Portuguese man o' state of war constitutes a single individual from an ecological perspective, but is made upwards of many individuals from an embryological perspective.^[45]

Distribution [edit]

• 

  Portuguese man o' state of war done upwards on a beach

• 

  They are oft found ashore in large groups

Found more often than not in tropical and subtropical waters,^{[47] [48]} the Portuguese man-o-state of war lives at the surface of the body of water. The gas-filled float, or pneumatophore, remains at the surface, while the remainder is submerged.^[49] Portuguese man-o-war accept no means of propulsion, and move passively, driven by the winds, currents, and tides.

Winds can drive them into bays or onto beaches. Often, finding a unmarried Portuguese man o' war is followed past finding many others in the vicinity.^[43] The Portuguese man o' state of war is well known to beachgoers for the painful stings delivered by its tentacles.^[37] Because they can sting while beached, the discovery of a man o' war washed upwards on a embankment may lead to the closure of the beach.^{[50] [51]}

Drifting dynamics [edit]

• 

  Looking down from above a man o' war, showing its sail. Sails can be left-handed or right-handed.

• 

  The bluebottle course at nix bending of set on is dependent on the sail camber^[37]

Despite beingness a common occurrence, the origin of the man 'o war or bluebottle before reaching the coastline is not well understood, and neither is the way information technology drifts at the surface of the ocean.^[37]

Left- and correct-handed [edit]

For each homo 'o war or bluebottle, the float tin can be oriented towards the left or the right (dimorphism), believed to be an accommodation that prevents the entire population from being washed on shore to die.^{[52] [53]} The "left-handed" bluebottles sail to the correct of the current of air, while the "correct-handed" bluebottles canvass to the left. The wind will always push the two types of bluebottles in different directions, so at virtually half the population will be pushed towards the coast.^{[52] [53]} The Atlantic Portuguese human o' war (PMW) and bluebottle have key differences in their size and the number of long tentacles used for hunting. The bluebottle's float rarely exceeds 10 cm and it has 1 long hunting tentacle that is less than 3 yard in length. In comparison, the PMW has floats of around 15 cm, reported up to xxx cm, and several hunting tentacles that can reach xxx thou in mature colonies when fully extended.^{[ix] [37]}

A Portuguese man o' war is somewhat asymmetrically shaped: the zooids of the colony hang down not quite from the midline of the pneumatophore, simply starting time to either the right or left side of the midline. When combined with the abaft action of the tentacles (which function equally a ocean anchor), this left- or right-handedness makes the colony sail sideways relative to the current of air, by about 45° in either direction.^{[54] [55]} Colony handedness has therefore been theorized to bear on man o' state of war migration, with left-handed or correct-handed colonies potentially beingness more than likely to drift down particular respective body of water routes.^[54] While previously believed to develop as a result of what winds a colony experienced, handedness in fact emerges early in the colony's life, while it is even so living below the surface of the sea.^[nine]

Mathematical modelling [edit]

Since they cannot swim, the movement of the homo 'o state of war or bluebottle can be modelled mathematically by calculating the forces acting on information technology, or by advecting virtual particles in ocean and atmospheric circulation models. Earlier studies modelled the movement of the man 'o state of war with Lagrangian particle tracking to explain major beaching events. In 2017, Ferrer and Pastor were able to estimate the region of origin of a significant beaching issue on the Basque coast.^[56] They ran a Lagrangian model backwards in time, using air current velocity and a wind drag coefficient as drivers of the man 'o state of war motion. They found that the region of origin was the North Atlantic subtropical gyre.^[56] In 2015 Prieto et al. included both the upshot of the surface currents and wind to predict the initial colony position prior to major beaching events in the Mediterranean.^[57] This model causeless the human 'o war was advected by the surface currents, with the result of the wind being added with a much college wind drag coefficient of 10 percent. Similarly, in 2020 Headlam et al. used beaching and offshore observations to identify a region of origin, using the joint effects of surface currents and current of air drag, for the largest mass man 'o war beaching on the Irish coastline in over 150 years.^{[58] [37]} These earlier studies used numerical models in combination with simple assumptions to summate the drift of this species, excluding complex drifting dynamics. In 2021, Lee et al. provide a parameterisation for Lagrangian modelling of the bluebottle by because the similarities between the bluebottle and a sailboat. This immune them to compute the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic forces acting on the bluebottle and use an equilibrium condition to create a generalised model for calculating the drifting speed and course of the bluebottle under any wind and ocean current conditions.^[37]

Ecology [edit]

Predators and prey [edit]

The Portuguese man o' state of war is a carnivore.^[43] Using its venomous tentacles, a man o' war traps and paralyzes its prey while "reeling" it inwards to the digestive polyps. Information technology typically feeds on small marine organisms, such as fish and plankton and sometimes shrimp.

• 

The organism has few predators of its own; one case is the loggerhead turtle, which feeds on the Portuguese man o' state of war every bit a common role of its diet.^[59] The turtle's peel, including that of its tongue and throat, is too thick for the stings to penetrate. Besides, the blue sea slug Glaucus atlanticus specializes in feeding on the Portuguese man o' war,^[60] as does the violet snail Janthina janthina.^[61] The ocean sunfish's diet, once idea to consist mainly of jellyfish, has been found to include many species, the Portuguese man o' war existence one such example.^{[62] [63]}

The blanket octopus is immune to the venom of the Portuguese man o' war; immature individuals take been observed to carry broken man o' war tentacles,^[64] which males and immature females rip off and use for offensive and defensive purposes.^[65]

External video
How Portuguese Man O' State of war stings and eats prey – Blue Planet Two

The man-of-war fish, Nomeus gronovii, is a driftfish native to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is notable for its power to live within the deadly tentacles of the Portuguese man o' state of war, upon whose tentacles and gonads it feeds. Rather than using fungus to prevent nematocysts from firing, as is seen in some of the clownfish sheltering amid sea anemones, the fish appears to use highly agile pond to physically avert tentacles.^{[66] [67]} The fish has a very high number of vertebrae (41), which may add together to its agility^[67] and primarily uses its pectoral fins for swimming—a feature of fish that specialize in maneuvering tight spaces. It likewise has a complex skin design and at least one antigen to the human o' war's toxin.^[67] Although the fish seems to be 10 times more resistant to the toxin than other fish, it tin can be stung by the dactylozooides (large tentacles), which it actively avoids.^[66] The smaller gonozooids do non seem to sting the fish and the fish is reported to often "nibble" on these tentacles.^[66]

Commensalism and symbiosis [edit]

The Portuguese man o' war is often found with a variety of other marine fish, including yellow jack. These fish benefit from the shelter from predators provided past the stinging tentacles, and for the Portuguese human o' war, the presence of these species may attract other fish to swallow.^[68]

Life bicycle [edit]

• 

  Lifecycle of the Portuguese human being o' war^[9]
  The mature Physalia physalis is pictured floating on the ocean surface, while early development is idea to occur at an unknown depth below the ocean surface. The gonodendra are thought to be released from the colony when mature. The egg and planula larva stage have not been observed.

Man o' state of war individuals are dioecious, meaning each colony is either male or female.^{[39] [9]} Gonophores producing either sperm or eggs (depending on the sex of the colony) sit on a tree-like structure chosen a gonodendron, which is believed to drop off from the colony during reproduction.^[ix] Mating takes place primarily in the autumn, when eggs and sperm are shed from gonophores into the water.^[39] As neither fertilization nor early on development have been directly observed in the wild, it is non yet known at what depth they occur.^[9]

A fertilized man o' war egg develops into a larva that buds off new zooids as it grows, gradually forming a new colony. This development initially occurs nether the water, and has been reconstructed by comparing different stages of larvae collected at sea.^[ix] The commencement two structures to emerge are the pneumatophore (sheet) and a single, early on feeding zooid called a protozooid; later, gastrozooids and tentacle-bearing zooids are added. Eventually, the growing pneumatophore becomes buoyant enough to conduct the immature colony on the surface of the water.^[9]

Venom [edit]

Illustration of Physalia physalis, 1807

The stinging, venom-filled nematocysts in the tentacles of the Portuguese homo o' war can paralyze small fish and other casualty.^[69] Detached tentacles and dead specimens (including those that wash upward on shore) can sting only as painfully as the alive organism in the water, and may remain potent for hours or even days afterwards the death of the organism or the detachment of the tentacle.^[70]

Stings commonly cause severe pain to humans, leaving whip-like, cherry-red welts on the pare that commonly final two or three days later the initial sting, though the pain should subside after about i to 3 hours (depending on the biological science of the person stung). However, the venom can travel to the lymph nodes and may cause symptoms that mimic an allergic reaction, including swelling of the larynx, airway blockage, cardiac distress, and an disability to breathe. Other symptoms tin can include fever and daze, and in some extreme cases, even death,^[71] although this is extremely rare. Medical attending for those exposed to large numbers of tentacles may become necessary to relieve hurting or open airways if the pain becomes excruciating or lasts for more than three hours, or if breathing becomes difficult. Instances where the stings completely environment the trunk of a young child are amid those that accept the potential to be fatal.^[72]

The species is responsible for up to 10,000 homo stings in Australia each summer, specially on the east coast, with some others occurring off the coast of S Commonwealth of australia and Western Australia.^[73]

Treatment of stings [edit]

Stings from a Portuguese man o' state of war can result in severe dermatitis characterized by long, sparse, open up wounds that resemble those caused by a whip.^[74] These are not caused past any impact or cutting action, but past irritating urticariogenic substances in the tentacles.^{[75] [76]} Flushing the affected area with sea water helps remove any adherent tentacles in the wound area.^{[72] [77] [78] [79]}

Acetic acid (vinegar) can conciliate the remaining nematocysts and usually provides some pain relief,^[72] though some isolated studies suggest that in some individuals vinegar dousing may increase toxin commitment and worsen symptoms.^{[77] [80]} Vinegar has also been claimed to provoke hemorrhaging when used on the less severe stings of cnidocytes of smaller species.^[81]

Nevertheless, a 2017 study found a wash of undiluted vinegar or Sting No More Spray, a proprietary "combined stinging capsule and venom-inhibiting production" were the most constructive topical rinse solutions.^[82] The vinegar (or spray) rinse should exist followed by immersion in 45 °C (113 °F) water or application of a hot pack for 45 minutes.^{[82] [83]}

Gallery [edit]

• 

  Man o' war warning sign at Hawaii

• 

  Portuguese man o' state of war

• 

See likewise [edit]

• Chondrophores (porpitids), a different hydrozoan colonial organism
• Velella, a smaller hydrozoa which has a similar shape and colouration.^[84]
• Porpita porpita
• Siphonophorae

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

• Mapstone, Gillian (February half-dozen, 2014). "Global Diversity and Review of Siphonophorae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)". PLOS I. 9 (2): e87737. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...987737M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087737. PMC3916360. PMID 24516560.

External links [edit]

• Information related to Physalia physalis at Wikispecies
• Siphonophores.org Full general information on siphonophores, including the Portuguese man-of-war
• National Geographic: Portuguese Man-of-War
• Life In The Fast Lane: Blueish bottle
• Portuguesemanofwar.com: Real Stories, Real People, Existent Encounters.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_man_o%27_war

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